Corporate Average Fuel Economy ( Cafe ) Standards Proposed...

Introduction Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ) standards proposed for vehicles produced between 2017 and 2025 were promulgated through the joint efforts of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) utilizing regulatory powers granted in their charters allowing them to regulate carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles and other greenhouse gas producing sources. (Nichols, 2012) The essence of the proposal was that by 2025 vehicle manufactures would be offering for sale cars and light trucks that averaged almost 50mpg. This level of fuel economy would result in a projected reduction in national dependencies on almost 4 billion barrels of oil and close to 2 billion tons of greenhouse gases namely carbon dioxide over the life of the new more efficient vehicles. (Nichols, 2012) Cost analysis of the proposal focused on fuel savings to the consumer and moderate environmental benefits offsetting the industries technologic costs of meetin g the standards at an overwhelming 4:1 ratio netting over 323 billion dollars of consumer savings over the life of the regulated vehicles. Economic Analysis The variables in this analysis include the consumers with their demand for vehicles and their demand elasticity when it comes to both the cost of fuel and the cost of vehicles shaping their demand, the suppliers and their ability to navigate the legislation to maximize their investor returns, the oil producer’s ability to maintainShow MoreRelatedCalfee And CAFE Standards827 Words   |  4 PagesCAFE is an acronym for Corporate Average Fuel Economy. As stated in, â€Å"Will Corporate Average Fuel Economy Help,† CAFÉ standards became prevalent by Congress in 1975 after the oil crisis of the 1970’s. These standards were proposed in order to help the United States depend less on foreign oil (Sen et al. 2017, p. 279). The idea of CAFÉ standards does not only help us rely less on foreign oil, but it also reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Below general information about CAFÉ and the CAFÉ standardsRead MoreAir Pollution in Japan Essay3055 Words   |   13 Pagespollution will be addressed and highlighted in details; air pollution have its significant health implication on humans, as well as the environment, the effects and damages may extend beyond any measure of tolerance. Numerous sustainable solutions were proposed by the government or the individuals. This assignment discussed these different solution along with it implications. Introduction Over hanging smog is one of the major signs of air pollution in a city. Air pollution presence differ from cityRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of Nissan Leaf2607 Words   |  11 PagesMarketing Plan- Nissan Leaf Introduction The Nissan Leaf is a compact fully electric family vehicle which was introduced in Japan and the United States in 2010. The Leaf was the answer and was designed to directly compete with GM’s Chevrolet Volt. Nissan is committed and moving forward into the future by adhering to its mission and objectives. The primary focus of the organization is reflective of its mission and objective which is to focus on those individuals that see into the future, provideRead MoreGovernment Incentives to Electric Vehicle Producers and Purchasers3412 Words   |  14 Pagesmethod of transportation. The automobile powered by fossil fuels is like the current state of transportation in general: fundamentally unsustainable (Black 2010, 3-5; Paterson 2000). A variety of alternatively fueled vehicles are in various stages of development. These alternative fuels range from hydrogen, to biodiesel, to electricity, as well as others. For several reasons, perhaps the most promising option is the electric vehicle (EV). Unlike some of the other technologies in development, EVsRead MoreNissan Corp Swot5421 Words   |  22 PagesThreats Global interdependence: possible new markets Government regulations: abroad in other countries as well as US and the US; global warming, CAFÉ standards, safety issues Growth of existing market: widen market New entrants: threat of potential inclusive of generation X,Y and baby boomers new competitors Strong economy: economy not faltering; Changing market tastes: need for consumers still buying continuous innovation to appeal to different segments Nissan’s reputation:Read MoreBusiness Pl Tesla Motors Marketing Plan6405 Words   |  26 Pagestransport by bringing compelling mass market electric cars to market as soon as possible.† Tesla aims to offer high-performance and electric powered vehicles at affordable prices to an average consumer. Elon Musk, the company’s CEO, said in a statement on the Tesla motors website that â€Å"We are catalyzing change in the industry. Tesla vehicles and Electric Vehicles (EVs) powered by Tesla are fun to drive and environmentally responsible†. To make EVs charging station more convenient, Tesla aims to developRead MoreGm Bankruptcy11472 Words   |  46 Pagesacquired Oldsmobile later in 1908. The next year, he brought in Cadillac, Cartercar, Elmore, Ewing, and Oakland (later known as Pontiac). In 1909, General Motors also acquired the Reliance Motor Truck Company of Owosso, Michigan, and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, Michigan, the predecessors of GMC Truck. A Rapid became the first truck to conquer Pikes Peak in 1909. In 1910, Welch and Rainier were added to the ever-growing list of companies controlled by GM. Durant lost control of GM in 1910Rea d MoreStarbucks Case Study11295 Words   |  46 Pagescreating an atmosphere and bonding with customers around a cup of coffee. He came back with the recommendation for Starbucks to serve fresh brewed coffee, espresso and cappuccino in addition to coffee beans and equipment. Coffee would be only the vehicle for a place where people want to stay for a while, a sort of place-like-home, in between home and office. That should become the differentiating factor of Starbucks. - Expanding the vision and building the concept But far from convincing BaldwinRead MoreStarbucks Case Study11286 Words   |  46 Pagescreating an atmosphere and bonding with customers around a cup of coffee. He came back with the recommendation for Starbucks to serve fresh brewed coffee, espresso and cappuccino in addition to coffee beans and equipment. Coffee would be only the vehicle for a place where people want to stay for a while, a sort of place-like-home, in between home and office. That should become the differentiating factor of Starbucks. - Expanding the vision and building the concept But far from convincing BaldwinRead MoreMarketing Strategy of Ford Motors18943 Words   |  76 Pagestechnology, standard and quality products with good customer service, and organisation specialties. The weakness can include lack of brand image, lacking in marketing expertise, financial resources are limited and the opportunities can be increased demand of the product in the niche market, new market, strategic alliances or mergers, create a reputation of the company, new technology to improve the quality of the products. The threats can be emergence of new competitors, government policies, economy downturn

Enthalpy Change Definition in Science

An enthalpy change is approximately equal to the difference between the energy used to break bonds in a chemical reaction and the energy gained by the formation of new chemical bonds in the reaction. It describes the energy change of a system at constant pressure. Enthalpy change is denoted by ΔH. At constant pressure, ΔH equals the internal energy of the system added to the pressure-volume work done by the system on its surroundings. Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions For an endothermic reaction, ΔH is a positive value. For an exothermic reaction, ΔH has a negative value. This is because heat (thermal energy) is absorbed by the endothermic reaction, while it is released by the exothermic reaction. Enthalpy Change Versus Entropy Enthalpy change and entropy are related concepts. Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. In an exothermic reaction, the entropy of the surroundings increases. As heat is evolved, the energy imparted to the system increases disorder. In an endothermic reaction, the external entropy decreases. As heat is absorbed by a process or reaction, the kinetic energy of molecules in the surroundings decreases, which tends to reduce reduce disorder.

System Security Criteria Free Essays

Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) is applied in classifying and evaluating the computer security in any given system especially where sensitive information is involved. For that reason any organization such as Medical Credential Company has to initially consider a few factors as well as meet security criteria as provided by TCSEC. There exists four divisions (D,C,B, and A) and C,B, and A are further divided into classes but in the context of this study, only classes C-2 (Controlled Access Protection) and B-3 (Security Domains) will be considered. We will write a custom essay sample on System Security Criteria or any similar topic only for you Order Now By choosing Class C-2 means that the company opts for Discretionary Security Protection which is under Division C. class C-2 offers defense of the sensitive information/data ‘against and detection of user abuse of authority and direct probing’. Besides, class C-2 also protects the system form activities of non-users and users who may not be using malicious programs. Class C-2 employs security controls for all objects in the system which may be personal files and/or specific devices. Subsequently, an individual is supposed to identify and authenticate him/her –self before login into the system and after using a track record of what he/she has done is kept. Therefore Class C-2 puts emphasis on audit trail for evaluation purposes. For that reason, it calls for a selective method to record all events which have occurred and tools to examine the audit record (DoD, 1985). On the other hand, Class B-3 which falls under Mandatory Security Protection, Division B, puts emphasis on security domains in the system. Systems that conform to Class B-3 criteria enforce what Class C-2 criteria entails, discretionary security policies, and its policy. Therefore, Class B-3 is has more has security features compared to class C-2. Reason being substantial confidence is created that the computer system is protected against misuse techniques for instance human error, direct probing, and abuse of authority by users. In particular Class B-3 protects the system from intentional subversions of the computer security methods hence it is widely employed in addressing defense mechanisms against malicious programs. Besides, a computer system that meets security requirements for Class B3 entails security kernel which implements a reference monitor principle which lacks in Class C-2. Both of these classes entail security requirements -classified under policy, accountability, and assurance- aimed at regulating access to information. Security policy, marking, identification, and accountability specify what control measures that needs to be put in place to regulate access to information. Besides, assurance and continuous protection provides guidelines on how a person can obtain credible assurance that overall security is achieved in a trusted system but security requirements in the two classes differ (DoD, 1985; Nibaldi, 1979). Figure 1. Table of security requirements for classes C2 and B3. Legend: â€Å"x† -no requirement; â€Å"-† class has same requirements as the next lower class; â€Å"R†-class has extra requirement over the lower classes. NB: Adopted from DoD 5200. 28-STD The security requirements outlined in the above table are functionally-oriented and it is in order for the security manager of the company to consider employing security controls first. Considering the security criteria employed by Class B3, as a security manager in the company, it would be better to seek certification for Class B3. References DoD. (1985, December). DoD standard: Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria, DoD 5200. 28-STD. Retrieved August 22, 2010 from http://www. dynamoo. com/orange/fulltext. htm Nibaldi, G. H. (1979, November). Specification of A Trusted Computing Base, M79-228, AD-A108- 831 (TCB), MITRE Corp. , Bedford, Mass. How to cite System Security Criteria, Papers

Causes Of The Korean War Essay Example For Students

Causes Of The Korean War Essay Causes of the Korean WarAndrew GlassGlobal StudiesPeriod Seven The Korean War, 1950-1953After the USSR installed a Communist government in North Korea in September 1948, that government promoted and supported an insurgency in South Korea in an attempt to bring down the recognized government and gain jurisdiction over the entire Korean peninsula. Not quite two years later, after the insurgency showed signs of failing, the northern government undertook a direct attack, sending the North Korea Peoples Army south across the 38th parallel before daylight on Sunday, June 25, 1950. The invasion, in a narrow sense, marked the beginning of a civil war between peoples of a divided country. In a larger sense, the cold war between the Great Power blocs had erupted in open hostilities. The western bloc, especially the United States, was surprised by the North Korean decision. Although intelligence information of a possible June invasion had reached Washington, the reporting agencies judged an early summer attack unlikely. The North Koreans, they estimated, had not yet exhausted the possibilities of the insurgency and would continue that strategy only. The North Koreans, however, seem to have taken encouragement from the U.S. policy which left Korea outside the U.S. defense line in Asia and from relatively public discussions of the economies placed on U.S. armed forces. They evidently accepted these as reasons to discount American counteraction, or their sponsor, the USSR, may have made that calculation for them. The Soviets also appear to have been certain the United Nations would not intervene, for in protest against Nationalist Chinas membership in the U.N. Security Council and against the U.N.s refusal to seat Communist China, the USSR member had boycotted council meetings since January 1950 and did not return in June to veto any council move against North Korea. Moreover, Kim Il Sung, the North Korean Premier, could be confident that his army, a modest force of 135,000, was superior to that of South Korea. Koreans who had served in Chinese and Soviet World War II armies made up a large part of his force. He had 8 full divisions, each including a regiment of artillery; 2 divisions at half strength; 2 separate regiments; an armored brigade with 120 Soviet T-34 medium tanks; and 5 border constabulary brigades. He also had 180 Soviet aircraft, mostly fighters and attack bombers, and a few naval patrol craft. The Republic of Korea (ROK) Army had just 95,000 men and was far less fit. Raised as a constabulary during occupation, it had not in its later combat training under a U.S. Military Advisor Group progressed much beyond company-level exercises. Of its eight divisions, only four approached full strength. It had no tanks and its artillery totaled eighty-nine 105-mm. howitzers. The ROK Navy matched its North Korean counterpart, but the ROK Air Force had only a few trainers and liaison aircraft. U.S. equipment, war-worn when furnished to South Korean forces, had deteriorated further, and supplies on hand could sustain combat operations no longer than fifteen days. Whereas almost $11 million in materiel assistance had been allocated to South Korea in fiscal year 1950 under the Mutual Defense Assistance Program, Congressional review of the allocation so delayed the measure that only a trickle of supplies had reached the country by June 25, 1950. The North Koreans quickly crushed South Korean defenses at the 38th parallel. The main North Korean attack force next moved down the west side of the peninsula toward Seoul, the South Korean capital, thirty-five miles below the parallel, and entered the city on June 28. Secondary thrusts down the peninsulas center and down the east coast kept pace with the main drive. The South Koreans withdrew in disorder, those troops driven out of Seoul forced to abandon most of their equipment because the bridges over the Han River at the south edge of the city were prematurely demolished. The North Koreans halted after capturing Seoul, but only briefly to regroup before crossing the Han. .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16 , .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16 .postImageUrl , .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16 , .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16:hover , .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16:visited , .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16:active { border:0!important; } .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16:active , .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16 .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u597cbe1d4a68bac2d27cd784a0b22d16:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Against same sex marriages EssayIn Washington, where a 14-hour time difference made it June 24 when the North Koreans crossed the parallel, the first report of the invasion arrived that night. Early on the 25th, the United States requested a meeting of the U.N. Security Council. The council adopted a resolution that afternoon demanding an immediate cessation of hostilities and a withdrawal of North Korean forces to the 38th parallel. In independent actions on the night of the 25th, President Truman relayed orders to General of the Army Douglas MacArthur at MacArthurs Far East Command headquarters in Tokyo, Japan, to supply ROK forces with ammunition and equipment, evacuate American dependents from Korea, and survey conditions on the peninsula to determine how best to assist the republic further. The President also ordered the U.S. Seventh Fleet from its current location in Philippine and Ryukyu waters to Japan. On the 26th, in a broad interpretation of a U.N. Security Council request for every assistance in supporting the June 25 resolution, President Truman authorized General MacArthur to use air and naval strength against North Korean targets below the 38th parallel. The President also redirected the bulk of the Seventh Fleet to Taiwan, where by standing between the Chinese Communists on the mainland and the Nationalists on the island it could discourage either one from attacking the other and thus prevent a wi dening of hostilities. When it became clear on June 27 that North Korea would ignore the U.N. demands, the U.N. Security Council, again at the urging of the United States, asked U.N. members to furnish military assistance to help South Korea repel the invasion. President Truman immediately broadened the range of U.S. air and naval operations to include North Korea and authorized the use of U.S. Army troops to protect Pusan, Koreas major port at the southeastern tip of the peninsula. MacArthur meanwhile had flown to Korea and, after witnessing failing ROK Army efforts in defenses south of the Han River, recommended to Washington that a U.S. Army regiment be committed in the Seoul area at once and that this force be built up to two divisions. President Trumans answer on June 30 authorized MacArthur to use all forces available to him. Thus the United Nations for the first time since its founding reacted to aggression with a decision to use armed force. The United States would accept the largest share of the o bligation in Korea but, still deeply tired of war, would do so reluctantly. President Truman later described his decision to enter the war as the hardest of his days in office. But he believed that if South Korea was left to its own defense and fell, no other small nation would have the will to resist aggression, and Communist leaders would be encouraged to override nations closer to U.S. shores. The American people, conditioned by World War II to battle on a grand scale and to complete victory, would experience a deepening frustration over the Korean conflict, brought on in the beginning by embarrassing reversals on the battlefield. More far reaching was the wars impact on the two Great Power blocs. The primary result for the western bloc was a decided strengthening of the NATO alliance. Virtually without military power in June 1950, NATO could call on fifty divisions and strong air and naval contingents by 1953 a build-up directly attributable to the increased threat of general war seen in the outbreak of hostilities in Korea. With further reinforcement in the NATO forecast at the end of the Korean War, USSR armed aggression in western Europe became unlikely. For the east, the major result was the emergence of Communist China as a Great Power. A steady improvement in the Chinese army and air force during the war gave China a more powerful military posture at wars end than when it had intervened; and its performance in Korea, despite vast losses, won China respect as a nation to be reckoned with not only in Asian but in world affairs. .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e , .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e .postImageUrl , .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e , .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e:hover , .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e:visited , .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e:active { border:0!important; } .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e:active , .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud7a6888dcaedbaab550293526993ac0e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Case Brief EssayBibliographyBibliographyKaiser, Robert. Korea from the Inside. New York, 1980Lawrence, John. A History of Korea. New York, 1993Seeger, Elizabeth. The pageant of Korean History. Canada, 1967History Essays