Air Pollution Due To Traffic Environmental Sciences Essay

Air Pollution Due To Traffic Environmental Sciences Essay Development of urban lands with various land use results in creation of different forms of the city, and this physical development cause traffic problems. High traffic volume more than capacity of urban systems, results in environmental problems, especially air and sound pollutions. Air pollution due to traffic is one of the main concerns of urban planners and environmental administrators in developing countries for decades, because air pollution directly affects citizens health. This issue, in developed countries, has been solved through correct planning on land use and transportation, and emphasize on environment protection. We will try, in this research, to examine the correlation between land use, traffic, and its effect on urban environment, especially on air quality. In other words, we will survey the effects of land use in physical movement due to traffic, and its effect on air quality. Land use and transportation are two sides of a coin (†¦). On one hand, transportation is most important requirement of city development and, on the other hand, planned or unplanned development results in transportation needs. Hence, there is a very high correlation between transportation and land use. Many analytical and descriptive models have been developed to show this correlation, each one provides one aspect of researches and explanatory elements in geometrical structure of city (†¦). But correlation between transportation, land use and environmental parameters such as air pollution haven rarely examined. Although environmental problems, nowadays, are one of the most important problems, especially in metropolises, and these problems should be solved. Rural regions, in developing countries, are urbanizing quickly, and cities are changing into metropolises, which cause environmental problems. Most common type of these problems is related to air pollution in cities. Air pollution could be result of industrial activities, transportation and other elements in cities, but according to JICA, more than 80% of Tehrans pollution is result of urban transportation. Because of belonging of significant part of city (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ square meter equal to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ percent of district space) to highways and linkages in and around district 2, most of air pollution is created by moving vehicles in districts (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.). Urban transportation is affected by three elements: 1- road and street, 2- vehicles and 3- users (citizens), so we should consider there three elements to reduce or eliminate air pollution due to transportation. These elements are shown in diagram number (†¦.). First, we should consider urban infrastructure, especially road and street, to reduce air pollution due to transportation. If our roads have high traffic capacity, vehicle could pass faster and air pollution will be reduced. Although road widening is restricted by land limitations in cities, otherwise the city would changes into a giant parking place (this is what happened in Hemmat Highway in district 2 and its picture is represented in appendixes). Using the good materials for road constructing also could reduce pollutions due to tiny dusts scattered in space. Second, utilizing planning and transportation administration, and using low pollutant vehicles would help better air quality. Today, world is talking about bi-fuel, battery and solar automobiles, which make lesser pollution. Another way of air pollution reducing is also to promote the use of public transportation systems, which make lesser pollution per passenger, in comparison to personal vehicles. Also developing the green lines in cities for bicycles and encourage people to use them is another solution. Third, modifying citizens and vehicle and road users travel pattern is another way. These would be achieved by reducing the need to travel by motor vehicles through development of electronic city and utilizing internet and intranet for routine daily works- nearest way to travel, development of public transportation fleet and encouraging people to replace their personal vehicles with public transpiration services. Planning of permanent land use could reduce air pollutions indirectly. So we can say that there is a linear relation between transportation quality and land use in cities. City air pollution is most important problem, especially in big cities of developing countries. Source of this pollution is vehicles. Main city air pollutants are presented in table below: Table- city air pollutants due to transportation Effects of these pollutants on citizens life- city construction- human health and †¦ have been proved (1234). As mentioned above, main source of city air pollution is urban transportation which is influenced by citizens travel pattern and land use. Relationship between urban travel patterns, specification of origin-destination and land use will be achieved through mathematical analysis. Origin-destination distance will affect citizens travel pattern obviously. Long distance between residential and working areas, between origin and destination indeed, will affect transportation and energy usage. Even citizens economic status and relationship between public transport and personal vehicle usage will affect traffic volume in cities. Transportation is needed because it eliminates distances by modifying relationship ability between various activities. Indeed, this close relationship between land use and transportation makes transportation equipments one of strongest especial geographical tools for planners, so they could utilize it for conduction of urban development. However, land use and transportation relation is complicated and we cant make any cause and effect relationship between them. For example, its obvious that modification of transportation infrastructure has clear affect on land use activities. Population volume and distribution of residential areas or industrial displacements, etc. change the transportation demand pattern. Thus, its necessary to prior goal in transportation planning be the development of effective balance between land use activities and potential capacity of their relationship, to reduce air pollution and enhance environment quality. Land use pattern typically would identify by district selection and district location and relationship between districts and organizing various city zones such as commercial-official- internal and external (1234). ( ) There is multilateral interaction between various elements. These elements include land use intensity- traffic limitation level- vehicles effectiveness- centralizing level- urban form- cost of energy and orientation to various types of public transportation. All of these elements define city air quality and fuel consumption level. According to Newman and Knorty (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..) there are various indexes for evaluation of correlation between transportation and land use, including: land use intensity index orientation to non-automobile transportation traffic limitation level vehicles performance centralizing level of urban form public transportation performance This study has been made according to these indexes. As travel volume and its characteristics are under affect of land use intensity and nature, it seems gathering basic information about land use is first to do. Land use scales for residential areas, typically, do measure by pure residential aggregation. While in working centers and buying areas it does measure by rate of one person to appropriate occupation space. Required data could be provided by official sources and we could synchronize them by recourse to planning applications rules. These basic data have provided by surveying in every internal traffic zone. Peoples interest in public and private transportation, daily urban motor traffic volume, main street width, branches, proper usage of traffic signals and citizens attention to them are points that should be taken into account in land use and urban transportation systems survey. However, most common transportation type is automobiles that occupy more than 20% of streets in many countries. And it shows that land use for transportation purposes is the second one after residential land use. Problem Statements Environmental problems in cities have been changed into complex situation, all elements related to each other. Environmental stresses in cities are result of daily increase in city population and need to more space and changes in land use for better services. Observation in district 2 in Tehran shows that main environmental stress is result of enhance in traffic volume, especially in highways. It brings air and sound pollution problems. Other environmental problems also are challengeable in district 2, but we will emphasize on air pollution in this thesis. Although Tehrans district 2 is a developed one, but mentioned problems, especially traffic burden and air pollution decrease the quality of urban environment. Main reasons of vehicles congestion, which is main source of air pollution in district 2, are as below: fast and unbalanced development of district changes in form of the city and continual changes in land use development of residential areas with high aggregation economic development of city, which resulted in enhancement in citizens afford Insufficient and inappropriate transportation system, which resulted in utilizing personal vehicles by citizens. Rate of city streets length to personal vehicles Vehicle parking beside streets Excessive increase of highways in district, which changed district 2 into passage of other districts. Insufficient administration of traffic and transportation. Above reasons may help in increase of air quality problems and decrease of urban environmental quality. Survey importance It is long time that traffic throng is one of the main problems of Tehran. This throng in district 2 is more because of extent of passages and highways. This throng results in waste of many hours by citizens and millions of liters fuel too. Traffic may result in decrease of people property and dissatisfaction. Traffic also affects air quality and results in various commercial and hygienic detriments. Observations in district 2 show that traffic volume increases as the city develops. We need a strategic prevention method and utilized conventional methods were not effective yet. Threats and opportunities, and weaknesses and strengths have been considered in strategic prevention method. If, as mentioned previously, traffic is most important element in air pollution, there are two methods for reduction of air pollution in cities: First, by control and decrease of automobiles volume, traffic, and air pollution hence, will be reduced. Optimal traffic administration to provide roads capacity- traffic signals- infrastructure improvement and to provide public transportation system could be utilized to control number of automobiles. And urban environmental status will be improved by utilizing clean fuel like bi fuel natural gas or electronic fuel. Second, a strategy related to urban planning and proper distribution of urban land use and decreasing urban travels are essential to solve the problem of urban air quality downfall, and show the importance and necessity of these surveys. Objectives: Most important purposes of this survey are: Description of current land use characteristics in Tehran district 2, regarding zones- development- aggregation and continuity. Description of relationship between citizens physical movement and land use plan and citizens decision making in vehicle selection. Description of characteristics of air pollution in Tehran district 2, regarding sources- type of vehicles exhaust- adjustment and affects on urban environment Description of some characteristics of land use policy tools- transportation and air quality in Tehran district 2, which has direct effect on making seasonal plans perpetual, and proposing related measures which could improve relationship between land use and physical movement and result in better urban air quality. Survey hypothesis: First hypothesis in this study is that there is relationship between air quality and land use plan through physical movement by motor vehicles. It is on the basis of fact that any traffic due to utilizing fossil fuel in automobiles results in emission of pollutants and hence results in air pollution. If automobiles do not emit air pollutant gases, like electric hybrid or solar automobiles, there will be no such relationships. But major urban transportation in district 2 is taking place by personal and motor vehicles now (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..). Second hypothesis is that air pollution in district 2 is mostly result of motor vehicles and probably its true, because there is no other pollutant source like air pollutant factories in this district. We can make a clear relationship between traffic volume and number of air pollutants by this hypothesis. Since wind rate and direction, which makes emitted exhausts uncondensed, is not considered in measuring of air quality in streets, this relationship will not be completely realized. So may be emission volume will not be reported correctly. Yet there is a lack of recorded data about air quality measuring which causes some deployment because it reduces the quality of mentioned relationship. Anyhow its expected that this study provide basic method for more comprehensive study about transportation and environmental relationships in Tehran district 2. Emission of various gases depends on fuel type and automobile age. But it is not possible to determine age of automobiles in motion and thus we will connivance it in traffic calculation. Third hypothesis is that if scale of automobiles motor will be considered, any automobile utilizing fossil fuel, regardless of age, emits exhaust, which has similar effect on environment. This study only considers relationship between land use and physical movement through personal automobiles or public transportation systems. Indeed, variants such as migrants- urban transportations through public transportation systems- personal automobile owners, jobs and purpose of urban transportation that control physical movement. These variants have been considered in this study, but direct relation between some of them has been neglected. Actually, affects caused by transportation are not limited to air pollution, but include sound pollution and tremble, which have been neglected too, and we only emphasize on air pollution in this study. Area Study Tehran, as capital of Iran, is located in natural bed between 3534 degree of north latitude and 51 to 5137 degree of east longitude. This bed is limited to northwest border of Markazi desert in south, to Jajrood valley in east, and valleys of Karaj in west. Regarding high extent and population (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦), Tehran has been divided into 22 urban districts with independent municipality to better administration. Tehran district 2 is placed in 5120 degree east longitude and 3545 degree north latitude. Its placed in south skirt of Alborz Mountains. Its limited to south skirt of Alborz Mountain in north, alluvial desert of Markazi in south, and Farahzad and Evin Darakeh watercourses in east and west. Its total shape is as a rectangular with 12 kilometers in north-south direction and 4 kilometers in east-west direction, including 5000 hectare space. South part of it in Tehran desert has hot and dry climate, while north part in Alborz Mountains skirt has more temperate climate. General slope is in north-south direction varying form 30-40 degrees in north part to gentler slope of 5-10 degrees in south part. Alborz Mountains is in its north. Its most high place is about 1800 meter higher than sea level, with medial slope of 30-50 degrees. There are some small valleys like Darakeh, Farahzad in Mountains skirt (north of Tehran). There are many hills in centric part, results of water erosion. Highest place in these hills is about 1500 meter higher than sea level. Medial slope in top of the hills are 20-30 degrees and in skirt about 30-40 degrees. These hills are differentiated from other topographic zones by their height, multiple valleys and severe slopes in skirts. Pardisan Park hills and north of Kooye Nasr hills are some of them. This district ends in 1200 alignment in south. Tehran district 2 is limited to Alborz Mountains in north, districts 1, 3, 6 in east, districts 9, 10, 11 in south and district 5 in west. District is totally in north of Tehran and Aborz mountain skirt and most of it is at least 1400 meter higher than sea level. Why district 2 has selected for study? Because district 2 had experimented intensive changes in land use in recent years . Most of Tehrans highways are placed in this district and its a good choice because of its extent from center to north of the city. District 2 includes 10% of population and space of Tehran.

Apple’s Competitive Advantage Clearly Lies

Apple’s competitive advantage clearly lies in its organizational culture. However the leadership for maintaining the specific cultural orientation comes from Steve Job’s vision of the future direction of product development. Without his leadership, the company might not be in a position to develop products that will transform the market.This has been the core competency of the company. By transforming the market dynamics, the company has managed to create a market leadership position. Therefore new product development has been the critical success factor at Apple and the guiding force behind the success of this strategy has been Steve Job’s vision.Once he relinquishes his position, it is not clear whether Apple would be able to maintain its competitive advantage. In this respect, the issues of succession planning become relevant. If Apple is to make its competitive advantage sustainable, then it would have to develop the necessary human capital that would maintai n the company’s momentum in new product development.According to Michael Porter’s framework for strategy formulation, a business organization has three strategies at its disposal for developing a competitive advantage: differentiation, cost minimization and quick response.The problem with these strategies is that they cannot lead to the development of a sustainable competitive advantage because they can be easily copied by competitor organizations.However when it comes to the competitive advantage rooted in the organizational culture, then it becomes sustainable because the organizational culture in each company is unique, therefore the best practices in this regard may not be immediately transferable.This unique organizational culture at Apple has been created by Steve Jobs’ vision for the continuous improvement process. Essentially he is implementing the strategy of differentiation through a continuous process of new product development.However it is his leade rship which facilitates the continuous process of managing change which new product development entails. Therefore whether the company would survive Steve Jobs’ departure is a valid question.The general public is clearly of the opinion that Apple will lose its competitive advantage once Jobs no longer provides the creative force. The share prices of the company fluctuate depending on the health condition of the CEO. In order to boost public confidence, the management of the company should clearly develop its internal resources so that dependence on Steve Jobs’ leadership may be slowly diminished.However no matter how much of strategic human resource management the company practices, its glory days may be gone with the departure of Steve Jobs. His vision guided the product development strategies of the company and they were the core competencies of the company.Once this mental connect with the market is no longer there, the company may no longer be in a position to deve lop products that will draw an enthusiastic response from the market. Apple’s competitive advantage is based on reshaping markets and rethinking products to the core. The implementation of both these strategies has been driven by Steve Jobs’ vision.The critical need for Apple at the moment is to conduct a rigorous process of succession planning. The company needs to recruit manpower from external sources in order to maintain the innovative spirit of the company. The most important strategy for the company is to maintain the strategy of differentiation. However the innovative cultural orientation must be maintained.The management should therefore develop human capital accordingly. Employees must be made to see how their work links to the strategic focus of the company, so that they can be involved in the new product development process. In this respect, the importance of creative thinking must be stressed at all times.In this respect, the management has to invest in tra ining and development programs. Once the employees are involved in the decision making process, it will be enriched and as a result, the company will be able to maintain its momentum in continuing to develop revolutionary products.Dess, Gregory G., et al. (2007). Strategic Management: Creating Competitive Advantage. McGraw Hill/Irwin.

Benefits of Omega 3 Fatty Acids

Lay Public (FINAL draft) Benefits of Omega 3 Fatty Acids In the rush to cut calories, reduce cholesterol intake, and avoid saturated fats, many of us have embraced low-fat diets and low-fat foods. But some fats are necessary and â€Å"essential† for health. These fats show great promise for fighting the onslaught of heart disease and diabetes, possibly even cancer. What are these â€Å"good† fats—and how do we get enough of them? The benefits of Omega 3 fats have been researched for quite some time and now those benefits are becoming increasingly well-known.Omega-3 fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids: They are necessary for human health but the body can’t make them — you have to get them through food. Essential fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids that the human body needs for metabolic functioning but cannot produce, and therefore has to be acquired from food. What makes omega-3 fats special? They are an integral part of cell me mbranes throughout the body and affect the function of the cells in these membranes. They provide the starting point for making hormones that regulate blood clotting, contraction and relaxation of artery walls, and inflammation.Omega-3 fats are a key family of polyunsaturated fats. There are three main omega-3s, Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA and DHA are found mainly in fish. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), the most common omega-3 fatty acid in most Western diets, is found in vegetable oils and nuts. The Omega-3 fatty acids are essential to life at every stage, even before birth. They are found in the membrane of every cell in the body and help to ensure that the cell membrane is ideally equipped to do its job.They are also used in the regulation of all biological functions, including those of the cardiovascular, reproductive, and immune and nervous systems. Optimum health can only be achieved when sufficient Omega-3s are obtained from the diet. They hel p maintain good health, promote brain and vision development and protect against disease. In chronic illness, it has been shown that an increase in the Omega-3 fatty acids of marine origin can effect an improvement across a range of conditions, both physical and mental.Research is continually producing positive findings for these vital nutrients. Omega-3 fatty acids are nutrients that play a vital role in safeguarding the body against a number of health disorders and diseases and the Omega 3 benefits are many and wide reaching. Basically, they are a class of polyunsaturated essential fatty acids that must be supplied to the body through diet. Omega 3 fatty acids also help improve the inflammatory response of the body, which means relief from painful inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, without the side effects of drugs.In addition, they facilitate the production of hormone-like chemicals called prostaglandins, which play a vital role in regulating a number of bodily pr ocesses such as blood clotting, blood pressure, inflammatory as well as allergic response, and nerve transmission. Among the Omega 3 fats benefits is to safeguard the body against cardiovascular diseases. This comes from their ability to reduce the level of bad cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides in the blood, as well as reduce blood pressure.They also help raise the good cholesterol level (HDL), prevent thickening of the arterial walls, and inhibit platelet segregation (and hence prevent blood clots). Omega 3 fatty acids help stabilize blood insulin levels, and hence reduce the risk of diabetes and obesity. Omega 3 fatty acids boost brain activity and are, therefore, considered as brain food for enhancing intelligence, memory and concentration. They have also been found to be helpful in the treatment several mental disorders such as depression, psychosis, migraine, dyslexia, ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), and Alzheimer’s disease.By promoting healthy cell wa lls, Omega 3 fats provide protection against undesired mutations in the DNA that may trigger the growth of cancerous cells, reducing your risk to commonly occurring cancers like breast cancer, prostate cancer and colon cancer. They also boost the immune system, thus increasing your resistance to common colds and other such allergic reactions. Omegas 3s are very important for our overall health and well-being. What health consequences and implications can occur due to lack of Omega 3 fatty acids in our diet?A lack of Omega 3 fatty acids in the diet has been associated with mood swings, depression, memory loss and other neurological problems. A deficiency of Omega 3's is among the prime cause in much inflammation related diseases such as joint pain, arthritis and osteoarthritis. Given the wide-ranging importance and benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, it is important to eat fish or other seafood one to two times per week, particularly fatty (dark meat) fish that are richer in EPA and DHA . This is especially important for women who are pregnant or hoping to become pregnant and nursing mothers.From the third trimester until the second year of life, a developing child needs a steady supply of DHA to form the brain and other parts of the nervous system. Many women shy away from eating fish because of concerns that mercury and other possible contaminants might harm their babies, yet the evidence for harm from lack of omega-3 fats is far more consistent, and a balance of benefit versus risk is easily obtained.With so many Omega 3 benefits, it would only be prudent to include them in your daily diet. Some good sources of omega-3 fatty acids are: fatty fish (e. g. tuna, salmon, herring, halibut, shrimps, and scallops), nuts and seeds (e. g. , walnuts, almonds, flaxseeds, hempseeds, mustard seeds, and pumpkin seeds), tofu, broccoli, dark green vegetables and Brussels sprouts. Or you may take supplements of omega-3 fatty acids, but preferably after consultation with your doc tor. As we can see there are a phenomenal number of omega 3 benefits on health which makes it absolutely vital to include these essential fatty acids in our daily diets. This can be carried out either through natural food sources, or through pure and potent omega 3 fatty acid supplements.

Essay on The Effects Alcohol Has On Teens - 1431 Words

Nearly 25 percent of teens drink alcohol because they think it is fun; however the problems it may bring are not so fun (Hyde 22). There over six times more teen deaths per year from alcohol than any other drug (O’Malley 30). Alcohol affects the body of teens as well as all of the developmental processes. A major issue of teens drinking is that it increases the chance of becoming an alcoholic in the future; which leads to lowered self-control, impaired judgment, and lowered inhibition (Heath 12). Alcohol can completely change the life of a teen from the time they start drinking till death. Alcohol affects so many aspects of a person’s life and once it does, it is so hard to get life back to normal. Alcohol effects teens by harming them†¦show more content†¦Kowalski, an alcohol specialist says (Heath 45). Alcohol enters into the stomach shortly after the blood causing problems in the digestive system. When large amounts of alcohol are consumed the stomach is hit hard. The digestive system is instantly impaired with a very small amount of alcohol inside. It increases the production of acid; which inflames the stomach lining leading to stomach pain, puking, diarrhea, and sometimes even bleeding in the stomach. It also affects the digestive system which leads to problems with getting sleep and the excretory organ function (Hyde, Margaret, and John 39). Alcohol also has a significant affect on the heart. The heart is the main part of the body that needs to stay healthy and consumption of alcohol can cause irregular heartbeat, strokes, and high blood pressure. Consumption of alcohol causes many future health risks such as; increase risk of cancer, cirrhosis, fibrosis, and alcohol hepatitis (Heath 170). Alcohol can really affect the growing and developmental process for teens. It can stop the brain from developing really hurting them for the future. It can also hinder the maturation of new brain constituents. This means that the connectors between the brain and nerve cells can stop developing and old ones can be torn apart (Spear). This can lead to a change in the brains thinking making teens more inclined to try risky behaviors. Also the prefrontal cortex is altered from drinking. This makes memory and ruleShow MoreRelatedAlcohol Abuse Is A Problem Striking The People Of America910 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol abuse is a problem striking the people of America. There are more than twelve million alcoholics in America, and the numbers only continue to increase. All Americans spend a total of about one hundred ninety-seven million dollars on alcohol in one day! It has gotten so bad that now even adolescents as young as thirteen begin to drink. Disconcertingly, every thirty minutes a person dies from an alcohol related incident. Alcohol has become the number one drug problem in all of America. In factRead MoreAlcohol is a very popular drink for those that are of legal drinking age. The legal drinking age600 Words   |  3 PagesAlcohol is a very popular drink for those that are of legal drinking age. The legal drinking age in the United States is currently 21. Sadly, many teens that are not of legal drinking age consume alcohol while being under age. They believe that they are old enough to handle its effects, and that it is the cool thing to do. The legal drinking age should not be lowered because many teens cannot handle the effects of alcohol or the responsibility that come with the consumption of alcohol. It couldRead MoreEssay on Teenage Drinking In America920 Words   |  4 Pagesworld. A subject that needs special attention is the abuse of alcohol by teens. Statistics show that there is a problem currently between teens and alcohol. There are man y causes of teenage drinking and effects that prove that drinking is an important issue that needs to be dealt with to preserve American teenagers. Teenage drinking will become worse of a problem if it continues unchecked on its current path to destruction. Alcohol abuse among teenagers in the United States is a plague that isRead MorePromoting A Drug Awareness Program For Teens1695 Words   |  7 PagesAwareness Program for Teens Teen drug use/abuse is common. According to the U. S. Department of Health Human Services, the most common drugs teens use are alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, and prescription drugs (2016). Other drugs used are inhalants, over-the-counter medications, and other illegal drugs such as cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin. The use of drugs and alcohol increase the risk of injury or death. According to WebMD, alcohol and drug abuse is a leading cause of teen death or injuryRead MoreTeenage Alcohol Abuse1465 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol Abuse in Teenagers Underage alcohol abuse is a growing problem in the lives of teenagers today. Almost 80% of high school students have tried alcohol (Dowshen). To effectively combat this growing epidemic, teens need to understand the effects of consuming alcohol, and adults need to recognize the problem and effectively prevent alcohol abuse. Though many teenagers do not realize it, alcohol can significantly affect a teen’s life, including short-term impacts on the teen’s popularity andRead MoreMarijuana Should Not Go Without Suspicion913 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially among teens. At first thought, many may believe alcohol is the outright cause of such accidents, but at a closer look at the facts and figures one will discover that marijuana should not go without suspicion. The vast amounts of chemicals of which marijuana contains each have their own impacts unto the human body, not to mention the increasing use of the drug among teens. It is here then obvious that marijuana should be the headline of this ad campaign, in comparison to alcohol - a much lessRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1170 Words   |  5 Pagesdrinking age has been a big issue. After prohibition had concluded in 1933, twenty- one was the new legal drinking age. Meanwhile, during the Vietnam War, eighteen became the new legal drinking age. Finally in 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act (MLDA). Since then, twenty-one years old has been the legal age to drink in the United States. There are several ways alcohol has been a reason for death such as, alcohol poisoning or drunk driving. Americans death rate has increasedRead MoreDrunk Driving Essay examples863 Words   |  4 PagesNowadays, we can easily purchase alcohol everywhere. There are a lot of retail shops, bars, restaurants for us to buy alcohol. In the developing countries as Vietnam and China, people can purchase alcohol at any age. That’s the opportunity for the industry of alcohol deve lops and contribute the nation’s income. However, the negative effect of alcohol to security very seriously and it kills the young generations if the government doesn’t offer tough measures . While I was in Vietnam, I often wentRead MoreAlcohol Is Linked With Memory865 Words   |  4 Pagesdrink alcohol at least one time (2015). There is a study shows that alcohol is linked with memory (Blume, A. W., Schmaling, K. B. Marlatt, G. A., 2005). This study explains that the amount of alcohol that person drink could lead to many problems such as facing difficulties in learning and remembering information. For example, a teacher made a test for his students about remembering the words that they took in the class, student who drink alcohol will forget most of the words because alcohol makeRead MoreResearch Paper Drinking Age1565 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom country to country. Here in the United States the legal drinking age is twenty-one. There has been much debate on whether the drinking age in the United States should be lowered from twenty-one to eighteen. People in favor of keeping the drinking age at twenty-one believe that there will be less alcohol related injuries an d deaths from vehicle accidents, as well less alcohol abuse among teens due to binge drinking. On the other side, people in favor of lowering the drinking age believe that